[Ancient History - Notes]*Chapter 13. The Rise of Harshvardhan

 

[Ancient History - Notes]*Chapter 13. The Rise of Harshvardhan 

Notes of Ancient History - The Rise of Harshvardhan 

The Gupta Empire's decline marked the beginning of a period of political instability and fragmentation in North India. However, in the early 7th century AD, Harshavardhana emerged as a powerful ruler, successfully establishing a significant kingdom in the region.

Harshavardhana: A Resurgent Ruler

 * Political Instability and Fragmentation: The decline of the Gupta Empire led to a period of political instability and fragmentation in North India.

 * Harshavardhana's Emergence: Harshavardhana emerged as a powerful ruler in the early 7th century AD, establishing a significant kingdom.

Primary Sources

 * Harshacharita: A biography written by Bana, Harsha's court poet, providing a detailed account of his life, reign, and achievements.

 * Hiuen Tsang's Travel Accounts: The Chinese traveler's observations offer valuable insights into the political, social, and religious conditions of the era.

Additional Sources

 * Harsha's Dramas: "Ratnavali," "Nagananda," and "Priyardarsika" offer insights into his reign.

 * Inscriptions: The Madhuben plate inscription, Sonpat inscription, and Banskhera inscription provide valuable information for establishing the chronology of Harsha's rule.

Key Points for Competitive Exams:

 * Political Instability: The decline of the Gupta Empire led to a period of political instability.

 * Harshavardhana's Emergence: Harshavardhana emerged as a powerful ruler during this period.

 * Primary Sources: The Harshacharita and Hiuen Tsang's travel accounts are key sources for understanding Harsha's reign.

 * Additional Sources: Harsha's dramas and inscriptions provide valuable information.

The Rise of Harsha: Early Life and Challenges

The Harsha dynasty, founded by Pushyabhuti, emerged as a significant power in North India following the decline of the Gupta Empire. The Pushyabhuti family, initially feudatories of the Guptas, gained independence after the Hun invasions. Prabhakaravardhana, the first important ruler of the dynasty, established his capital at Thaneswar, north of Delhi.

The Harsha Dynasty and Its Origins

 * Founders: The Harsha dynasty was founded by Pushyabhuti, who were initially feudatories of the Gupta Empire.

 * Independence: The family gained independence after the Hun invasions.

 * Capital: The first important ruler, Prabhakaravardhana, established the capital at Thaneswar.

Rajyavardhana's Reign and Challenges

 * Succession: Prabhakaravardhana's elder son, Rajyavardhana, succeeded him.

 * Alliance: Rajyavardhana's sister, Rajyasri, was married to Grihavarman, the Maukhari ruler.

 * Betrayal: Devagupta of Malwa, in alliance with Sasanka of Bengal, treacherously killed Grihavarman.

 * Response: Rajyavardhana defeated the king of Malwa but was ambushed and murdered by Sasanka.

Harsha's Ascent and Immediate Challenges

 * Succession: Harsha, the younger brother, succeeded Rajyavardhana.

 * Priorities: Faced with the loss of his brother and the threat from Sasanka, Harsha's immediate priorities were to rescue his sister and avenge their deaths.

 * First Act: Harsha saved Rajyasri from self-immolation.

Key Points for Competitive Exams:

 * Harsha Dynasty: Founded by Pushyabhuti, emerged after the decline of the Gupta Empire.

 * Rajyavardhana: Succeeded Prabhakaravardhana, faced challenges due to the death of his brother-in-law.

 * Harsha's Rise: Became ruler after Rajyavardhana's death, prioritized rescuing his sister and avenging their deaths.

Harsha's Military Conquests

Harsha's reign was marked by significant military conquests, which solidified his position as the most powerful ruler in North India.

Harsha's Expansionist Policy

 * Strategic Conquests: Harsha's reign was characterized by significant military conquests, aimed at solidifying his position as the most powerful ruler in North India.

Major Military Victories

 * Kanauj: Harsha drove Sasanka from Kanauj, making it his new capital.

 * Valabhi: Harsha defeated Dhuruvasena II, the ruler of Valabhi, establishing his suzerainty.

 * Western Chalukya: Harsha's campaign against Pulakesin II of Western Chalukya was unsuccessful, as Pulakesin II repelled his invasion.

 * Sindh: The outcome of Harsha's campaign against Sindh is uncertain.

 * Nepal and Kashmir: Nepal acknowledged Harsha's overlordship, while Kashmir sent tributes.

 * Assam: Harsha maintained cordial relations with Bhaskaravarman of Assam.

 * Kalinga: Harsha conquered the kingdom of Kalinga in Orissa.

Extent of Harsha's Empire

 * Vast Territory: Harsha's conquests encompassed a vast region, including modern-day Rajasthan, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Orissa.

 * Peripheral States: States like Kashmir, Sindh, Valabhi, and Kamarupa acknowledged his sovereignty.

Key Points for Competitive Exams:

 * Military Conquests: Harsha's reign was marked by significant military expansion.

 * Kanauj: Harsha made Kanauj his new capital after defeating Sasanka.

 * Western Chalukya: Harsha's campaign against Pulakesin II was unsuccessful.

 * Nepal and Kashmir: These states acknowledged Harsha's overlordship.

 * Extent of Empire: Harsha's empire extended over a vast region in North India.

Harsha's Patronage of Buddhism

Harsha's religious beliefs evolved throughout his life. Initially, he was a devout Saiva, adhering to the Hindu sect of Shaivism. However, under the influence of Hiuen Tsang, a Chinese Buddhist monk, Harsha converted to Mahayana Buddhism.

Harsha, the 7th-century Indian ruler, is renowned for his patronage of Buddhism. While he began his reign as a Shaivite, he later converted to Mahayana Buddhism under the influence of the Chinese monk, Hiuen Tsang. This shift in religious affiliation was accompanied by a strong commitment to religious tolerance and social welfare.

Religious Conversion and Tolerance

 * Initial Beliefs: Harsha began his reign as a devout Saiva, adhering to the Hindu sect of Shaivism.

 * Conversion to Buddhism: Under the influence of Hiuen Tsang, a Chinese Buddhist monk who visited his kingdom, Harsha converted to Mahayana Buddhism.

 * Commitment to Tolerance: Harsha's embrace of Buddhism was accompanied by a strong commitment to religious tolerance. He prohibited the use of animal food in his kingdom, emphasizing the importance of non-violence and compassion. He also punished those who killed any living being, demonstrating his dedication to protecting all life forms.

Promotion of Buddhism

 * Construction of Stupas and Monasteries: Harsha undertook several significant initiatives to promote Buddhism. He erected thousands of stupas, sacred Buddhist monuments, and established travelers' rests throughout his kingdom to facilitate pilgrimage and spiritual practice.

 * Religious Gatherings: Every five years, Harsha convened gatherings of representatives from all religions, honoring them with gifts and presents. This demonstrated his commitment to religious pluralism and harmony.

 * Buddhist Discussions: Harsha frequently brought together Buddhist monks to engage in discussions and examinations of Buddhist doctrine. This fostered intellectual exchange and strengthened the Buddhist community.

Impact on North India

 * Revival and Spread of Buddhism: Harsha's patronage of Buddhism played a crucial role in the revival and spread of the religion in North India.

 * Lasting Impact: His efforts to promote religious tolerance and social welfare left a lasting impact on the region's religious landscape.

Conclusion

Harsha's patronage of Buddhism was characterized by his commitment to religious tolerance, social welfare, and the promotion of Buddhist doctrine. His initiatives contributed significantly to the revival and spread of Buddhism in North India, leaving a lasting legacy.

Key Points for Competitive Exams

 * Harsha's initial religious affiliation was Shaivism.

 * He converted to Mahayana Buddhism under the influence of Hiuen Tsang.

 * Harsha was a strong advocate for religious tolerance and social welfare.

 * He undertook several initiatives to promote Buddhism, including the construction of stupas and monasteries, religious gatherings, and Buddhist discussions.

 * Harsha's patronage of Buddhism played a crucial role in the revival and spread of the religion in North India.

The Kanauj Assembly: A Gathering of Religious Leaders

Towards the end of his reign, Harsha organized a significant religious assembly at Kanauj to honor the Chinese pilgrim Hiuen Tsang. This gathering aimed to foster religious harmony and exchange ideas.

Participants

 * Rulers: 20 Kings from various regions participated in the assembly.

 * Scholars: 1000 Scholars from Nalanda University were present.

 * Buddhist Representatives: 3000 Hinayanists and Mahayanists attended.

 * Hindu and Jain Representatives: 3000 Brahmins and Jains were also present.

Intellectual Discourse and Religious Exchange

 * Duration: The assembly lasted for 23 days.

 * Hiuen Tsang's Role: Hiuen Tsang, a prominent Mahayana Buddhist, utilized this opportunity to explain the values and principles of his faith, emphasizing its superiority over other religious doctrines.

 * Peaceful Nature: Despite the generally peaceful nature of the assembly, there were instances of violence, including acts of arson and an attempt on Harsha's life. However, these disturbances were swiftly brought under control, and the perpetrators were punished.

Honor for Hiuen Tsang

 * Lavish Presents: On the final day of the assembly, Hiuen Tsang was honored with lavish presents as a token of appreciation for his participation and contributions.

Significance

 * Religious Tolerance: The Kanauj Assembly showcased Harsha's commitment to religious tolerance and intellectual exchange.

 * Historical Event: It was a significant event in Harsha's reign, demonstrating his efforts to promote unity and understanding among different religious groups.

Key Points for Competitive Exams

 * The Kanauj Assembly was organized by Harsha to honor Hiuen Tsang.

 * The assembly was attended by a diverse group of religious representatives, including rulers, scholars, and adherents of different religions.

 * Hiuen Tsang utilized the opportunity to explain the values and principles of Mahayana Buddhism.

 * Despite some disturbances, the assembly generally maintained a peaceful atmosphere.

 * Hiuen Tsang was honored with lavish presents on the final day of the assembly.

The Allahabad Conference: A Display of Religious Charity

Hiuen Tsang, in his travel account, mentions the Allahabad Conference, also known as Prayag, which was one of the regular gatherings convened by Harsha every five years. These conferences were renowned for their grandeur and Harsha's lavish display of charity.

Key Points

 * Organizer: Harsha, a 7th-century Indian emperor.

 * Frequency: Every five years.

 * Location: Prayag (Allahabad).

 * Purpose: To showcase Harsha's generosity and promote religious harmony.

Significance

 * Lavish charity: Harsha distributed vast amounts of wealth to members of all religious sects.

 * Religious tolerance: The conference demonstrated Harsha's commitment to supporting different faiths.

 * Strengthened reputation: These gatherings enhanced Harsha's image as a benevolent and pious ruler.

Hiuen Tsang's Account

 * Exaggeration: While Hiuen Tsang's account might contain some embellishments, it provides valuable insights.

 * Extreme generosity: According to Hiuen Tsang, Harsha emptied his treasury and even gave away his personal belongings.

Comparison to Kanauj Assembly

 * Similar purpose: Both conferences aimed to foster religious harmony.

 * Shared significance: Both events were important milestones in Harsha's reign.

The Allahabad Conference was a significant event in Harsha's reign, showcasing his dedication to religious philanthropy and tolerance. It solidified his reputation as a benevolent and pious ruler and contributed to the promotion of religious harmony in India.

Harsha's Administration: A Blend of Tradition and Innovation

Harsha's administration, while drawing inspiration from the Gupta model, incorporated unique features and innovations. Hiuen Tsang's account provides valuable insights into the structure and functioning of Harsha's government.

Key Features

 * Just and efficient rule: Harsha personally oversaw his kingdom and implemented a fair and efficient administrative system.

 * Light taxation: The land tax was moderate, and forced labor was minimized.

 * Cruel punishments: Harsha retained some harsh punishments from the Mauryan period, which Hiuen Tsang criticized.

 * Military strength: The army was large and well-equipped, surpassing the Mauryan army in size.

 * Public records: Harsha maintained detailed records of significant events, using a system called "nilopitu."

Balance of Tradition and Innovation

 * Gupta influence: Harsha's administration drew inspiration from the Gupta model.

 * Unique features: Harsha incorporated new ideas, such as the emphasis on public records.

 * Improved efficiency: Reforms aimed to reduce the burden on subjects and improve administrative efficiency.

Harsha's administration was a successful blend of tradition and innovation. His emphasis on just governance, light taxation, and public records contributed to the stability and prosperity of his kingdom. While some of his practices, such as the use of cruel punishments, were criticized, his overall administration was a significant achievement.

Society and Economy under Harsha

Harsha's reign, while marked by political stability and cultural achievements, witnessed a decline in certain aspects of social and economic life compared to the Gupta period.

Social Structure

 * Caste system: The traditional four-fold caste system persisted, with Brahmins maintaining their privileged status.

 * Kshatriya dominance: The ruling class, Kshatriyas, held power and authority.

 * Vysya merchants: Engaged in trade and commerce.

 * Sudra agriculture: Primarily practiced agriculture.

 * Sub-castes: The caste system became more complex with the emergence of sub-castes.

 * Women's position: Limited, with restrictions on remarriage and the prevalence of dowry.

 * Sati: The practice of widows immolating themselves was common.

 * Disposal of the dead: Cremation, water burial, and exposure in the woods were practiced.

Economy

 * Trade decline: Trade centers declined, coins were fewer, and merchant guilds were less active.

 * Impact on handicrafts and agriculture: Reduced demand for goods affected handicrafts and agriculture.

 * Subsistence agriculture: Farmers focused on self-sufficient village economies.

 * Economic downturn: The overall economy declined compared to the Gupta period.

While Harsha's reign brought political stability, it also witnessed a decline in social and economic aspects. The caste system remained rigid, women's position was limited, and the economy faced challenges due to reduced trade. These factors contributed to the eventual decline of the Harsha Empire.

Harsha's Contributions to Art, Culture, and Education

While Harsha's reign was primarily marked by political achievements, his patronage of arts, culture, and education left a lasting legacy.

Art and Architecture

 * Gupta influence: Harsha's artistic endeavors were largely influenced by the Gupta style.

 * Nalanda Monastery: Harsha built the magnificent Nalanda Monastery, a prominent center of learning.

 * Copper Buddha statue: A massive copper statue of the Buddha was commissioned by Harsha.

 * Lakshmana Temple: The brick temple at Sirpur is believed to date back to Harsha's period.

Literature and Learning

 * Harsha and Bana: Harsha's court was adorned by the talented poet and scholar Bana, author of "Harshacharita" and "Kadambari."

 * Other literary figures: Matanga Divakara and Barthrihari were associated with Harsha's court.

 * Harsha's plays: Harsha himself was a talented playwright.

 * Patronage of Nalanda: Harsha generously endowed Nalanda University, making it an internationally renowned center of learning.

Harsha's patronage of arts, culture, and education contributed significantly to the intellectual and artistic landscape of his time. His support for Nalanda University and his association with talented scholars and artists solidified his legacy as a patron of learning and a champion of cultural development.

Nalanda University: A Beacon of Learning

Nalanda University, a renowned center of learning established during the Gupta period, stands as a testament to India's intellectual prowess. The name "Nalanda" itself means "giver of knowledge," reflecting its significance as a place of intellectual enlightenment.

Founding and Patronage

 * Founder: Kumaragupta I, a Gupta ruler.

 * Patronage: Subsequently patronized by Gupta successors and Harshavardhana.

 * Endowment: Maintained through revenue from 100-200 villages.

Curriculum and Pedagogy

 * Diverse subjects: Offered a wide range of subjects, including Buddhist, Vedic, and secular disciplines.

 * International appeal: Attracted students from various parts of India and other countries.

 * Rigorous admission: Admission was based on a challenging entrance examination.

 * Discipline and focus: Strict discipline and emphasis on academic excellence.

 * Discussion-based learning: Lectures and discussions were integral parts of the learning process.

Physical Structure and Facilities

 * Architectural grandeur: Archaeological excavations reveal its impressive ruins.

 * Classrooms and hostel: Had numerous classrooms and a hostel.

 * Library and observatory: Boasted a vast library and an observatory.

Intellectual Influence

 * Center of advanced learning: Attracted scholars from various parts of the world.

 * Global impact: Contributed to the intellectual and cultural development of the region.

Nalanda University stands as a symbol of India's intellectual heritage. Its role in fostering learning, promoting religious tolerance, and attracting scholars from diverse backgrounds solidified its position as one of the most renowned educational institutions of its time. The university's legacy continues to inspire and influence academic pursuits in India and beyond.

Overview of The Rise of Harshvardhan

Revised Key Points:

 * Gupta Empire's decline: Marked the beginning of political instability.

 * Harshavardhana's rise: Established a significant kingdom in North India.

 * Primary sources: Harshacharita, Hiuen Tsang's accounts, Harsha's dramas, and inscriptions.

The Rise of Harsha

 * Harsha dynasty: Founded by Pushyabhuti, gained independence after the Hun invasions.

 * Prabhakaravardhana: Established the capital at Thaneswar.

 * Rajyavardhana's challenges: Faced threats from Malwa and Sasanka.

 * Harsha's succession: Succeeded Rajyavardhana, faced the task of avenging his brother's death.

Harsha's Military Conquests

 * Conquest of Kanauj: Established his dominance over the region.

 * Victory over Dhuruvasena II: Dhuruvasena II acknowledged Harsha's suzerainty.

 * Campaign against Pulakesin II: Defeated by the Western Chalukya ruler.

 * Campaign against Sindh: Outcome uncertain.

 * Nepal and Kashmir: Accepted Harsha's overlordship.

 * Cordial relations with Assam: Maintained cordial relations with Bhaskaravarman.

 * Conquest of Kalinga: Successfully conquered Kalinga.

Harsha's Patronage of Buddhism

 * Initial Saiva beliefs: Adhered to the Hindu sect of Shaivism.

 * Conversion to Mahayana Buddhism: Influenced by Hiuen Tsang.

 * Religious tolerance and social welfare: Prohibited animal food, punished those who killed living beings.

 * Promotion of Buddhism: Constructed stupas, monasteries, and facilitated pilgrimage.

 * Religious gatherings: Convened gatherings of representatives from all religions.

 * Buddhist discussions: Fostered intellectual exchange and strengthened the Buddhist community.

The Kanauj Assembly

 * Purpose: To honor Hiuen Tsang and foster religious harmony.

 * Participants: Rulers, scholars, and representatives of various religions.

 * Intellectual discourse and exchange: Provided a platform for discussing religious ideas.

 * Incidents of violence: Despite generally peaceful nature, there were instances of violence.

 * Honor for Hiuen Tsang: Hiuen Tsang was honored for his contributions.

The Allahabad Conference

 * Regular gatherings: Convened every five years.

 * Lavish display of charity: Harsha distributed his wealth to members of all religious sects.

 * Religious tolerance and harmony: Showcased Harsha's dedication to supporting all spiritual paths.

Harsha's Administration

 * Just and efficient rule: Harsha personally oversaw the affairs of his kingdom.

 * Light taxation: Reduced the burden on his subjects.

 * Cruel punishments: Retained some cruel punishments from the Mauryan period.

 * Military strength: Had a formidable army, surpassing the Mauryan army.

 * Public records: Maintained detailed records through the "nilopitu" system.

Society and Economy under Harsha

 * Caste system: Continued to be prevalent, with Brahmins maintaining privileged status.

 * Women's position: Limited, with restrictions on remarriage and the prevalence of dowry.

 * Trade decline: Led to economic downturn and a shift towards subsistence agriculture.

Harsha's Contributions to Art, Culture, and Education

 * Gupta influence: Artistic endeavors followed the Gupta style.

 * Nalanda Monastery: A prominent center of learning, built by Harsha.

 * Copper Buddha statue: Showcases Harsha's dedication to Buddhist art.

 * Lakshmana Temple: A brick temple believed to date back to Harsha's period.

 * Literature and learning: Harsha's court was adorned by talented scholars and poets.

 * Patronage of Nalanda: Elevate its status as an internationally renowned center of learning.

Nalanda University

 * Founded by Kumaragupta I: Subsequently patronized by Harshavardhana.

 * Diverse subjects and international appeal: Attracted students from various parts of the world.

 * Rigorous admission and discipline: Emphasized intellectual pursuit and academic excellence.

 * Discussion-based learning: Lectures and discussions were integral parts of the learning process.

 * Physical structure and facilities: Had impressive ruins, classrooms, hostel, library, and observatory.

 * Intellectual influence: Contributed to the intellectual and cultural development of the region.